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B
Basipetal
Basipetal.
Applied to structures that are produced in succession toward the base.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Beak, beaks, beaked
Beak
[
-ed
]
.
A long, pointed prolongation of a
fruit
.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Beak.
A long, pointed prolongation of a fruit (e.g.
Anemone
,
Geranium
,
Geum
).
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010.
Beak.
A point or projection, as on the
glume
of a wheat
spikelet
.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
fruit
Fruit.
The structure that develops from the pericarp as the enclosed seed or seeds mature. Fruits may have the following attributes: Succulent or dry, depending on whether or not the middle layer of the pericarp (mesocarp) develops into a fleshy covering; Dehiscent or indehiscent, according to whether or not the fruit wall splits open to release the seed; True or simple fruits, which develop from the gynoecium of a single flower, and multiple fruits, which develop from a complete inflorescence; Monocarpellary or polycarpellary, depending on whether they developed from a single ovary or from a number of fused ovaries.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Fruit.
In angiosperms, a mature ripened ovary, usually containing seeds. Some authors include extracarpellary parts adhering to the ovary at maturity.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
Fruit.
The ripened ovary of a seed plant and associated parts.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
glume, glumes
Glume.
In grasses: A bract—often paired—at the base of a spikelet.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Glume.
One of the two usually sterile bracts at the base of a grass spikelet.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Glumes.
The pair of empty bracts at the base of a spikelet.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
spikelet, spikelets
Spikelet.
The unit of a grass inflorescence comprising one or more florets subtended by one or two sterile glumes. For the purposes of the Rules, the term spikelet includes, as well as a fertile floret, either one or more additional fertile or completely infertile florets, or glumes.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Spikelet.
Part of a grass inflorescence including one or more florets subtended by one or two glumes.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Spikelet.
In grasses: One or more attached florets usually subtended by one or more bracts (glumes).
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Spikelet.
The unit of a grass inflorescence that consists of a pair of empty glumes that enclose one of more florets arranged around a rachilla.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Bearded
Bearded.
Bearing long stiff
hairs
.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
hair, hairs
Hair.
A uni- or multicellular outgrowth of the epidermis.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Hair.
An elongated uni- or multicellular outgrowth of the epidermis (e.g. in
Anemone
).
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Berry
Berry.
A many seeded fleshy
indehiscent
fruit
. The
pericarp
usually forms a tough outer skin and the
mesocarp
becomes massive and fleshy. The
epicarp
and mesocarp may be highly coloured to attract the animals that act as agents of dispersal.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010.
indehiscent
Indehiscent.
Not opening; fruits which do not open at maturity.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Indehiscent.
Fruits in which the fruit wall does not split open at maturity to release the seed (see dehiscent).
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Indehiscent fruit.
A fruit that does not open at maturity.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Indehiscent.
Fruits remaining closed at maturity.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
fruit
Fruit.
The structure that develops from the pericarp as the enclosed seed or seeds mature. Fruits may have the following attributes: Succulent or dry, depending on whether or not the middle layer of the pericarp (mesocarp) develops into a fleshy covering; Dehiscent or indehiscent, according to whether or not the fruit wall splits open to release the seed; True or simple fruits, which develop from the gynoecium of a single flower, and multiple fruits, which develop from a complete inflorescence; Monocarpellary or polycarpellary, depending on whether they developed from a single ovary or from a number of fused ovaries.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Fruit.
In angiosperms, a mature ripened ovary, usually containing seeds. Some authors include extracarpellary parts adhering to the ovary at maturity.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
Fruit.
The ripened ovary of a seed plant and associated parts.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
pericarp, pericarps
Pericarp
[
fruit coat
]. The wall of the mature ovary or fruit.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Pericarp.
The ovary wall. the fruit coat enclosing the seed.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Pericarp.
Fruit wall.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Pericarp.
The wall of a ripened ovary; the fruit coat.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
mesocarp
Mesocarp.
The middle layer of the pericarp.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Mesocarp.
The middle layer of the pericarp (fruit wall) between the endocarp and exocarp.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
epicarp
Epicarp.
The outer layer of the pericarp.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Biennial
Biennial.
A plant that completes its life cycle in its second year of life and then dies.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111.
Bifid
Bifid.
Two-cleft or two lobed; applied principally to the summit of
lemmas
.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
lemma, lemmas
Lemma.
The outer (lower) bract of a grass floret, sometimes referred to as the flowering glume or the lower or outer palea. Bract enclosing the caryopsis on the outer (dorsal) side.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Lemma.
The outer (lower) bract of a grass floret; enclosing the caryopsis on the outer (dorcal) side.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Lemma.
The lower of two bracts that subtend a grass flower.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Lemma.
The lower of the two bracts enclosing the flower in the spikelet of grasses.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Bisection
Bisection.
Cut across into two parts.
TWS
Blade
Blade.
The expanded portion of a
leaf
, usually above the
sheath
of
petiole
.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
leaf, leaves
Leaf.
Lateral organ of the stem.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
sheath, sheaths
Sheath.
The lower part of the leaf that encloses the stem, as in grasses.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
petiole
Petiole.
The stalk of a leaf.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Boerner divider
Boerner divider.
This divider consists of a hopper, a cone, and a series of baffles which direct the
seed
into two spouts. The baffles are arranged in a circle at the top and form equal width
alternate
channels and spaces. The channels lead to one spout, the spaces to the other. The width and number of channels and spaces are important. Five channels and spaces should be regarded as a minimum. The more channels the better but the minimum width of the channels must be at least two times the largest diameter of the seed or any possible contaminants being mixed.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
seed, seeds
Seed.
The part of a plant which is able to develop into a new plant.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Seed.
Botanically, a seed is a mature fertilized ovule containing an embryonic plant; usually it has nutrient storage tissue and is surrounded by a protective coat, the testa. This structure is a "true seed"; however, the ovules of many species have additional structures of the mother plant attached or fused to the seed coat. For example, the "seed" of Triticum aestivum (wheat) is botanically a fruit because the pericarp (ovary wall) is fused with the seed coat. In these rules the term "seed" will be used in the agronomic sense (i.e. the true seed plus any accessory structures that may be attached when it is planted in the field; see section 3.2 of the AOSA Rules for Testing Seeds Vol. 1).
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 4, 2019
Seed.
The ripened ovule, enclosing the rudimentary plant and food necessary for its germination.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
alternate
Alternate.
The occurrence of buds, leaves, etc., one after another singly at opposite sides of the nodes.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Boll
Boll.
The subspherical or ovoid
fruit
(a
dehiscent
capsule
) of flax or cotton.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
fruit
Fruit.
The structure that develops from the pericarp as the enclosed seed or seeds mature. Fruits may have the following attributes: Succulent or dry, depending on whether or not the middle layer of the pericarp (mesocarp) develops into a fleshy covering; Dehiscent or indehiscent, according to whether or not the fruit wall splits open to release the seed; True or simple fruits, which develop from the gynoecium of a single flower, and multiple fruits, which develop from a complete inflorescence; Monocarpellary or polycarpellary, depending on whether they developed from a single ovary or from a number of fused ovaries.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Fruit.
In angiosperms, a mature ripened ovary, usually containing seeds. Some authors include extracarpellary parts adhering to the ovary at maturity.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
Fruit.
The ripened ovary of a seed plant and associated parts.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
dehiscent fruit, dehiscent
Dehiscent fruit.
A dry fruit, that experiences desiccation. Seeds within dehiscent fruits will lose moisture content during the later stages of seed development.
Bowden, L., Moisture Testing in Wild Species. TWS Website. 2020
Dehiscent fruit.
A fruit that opens at maturity allowing seeds to be released from the fruit.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
Dehiscent.
A fruit in which the fruit wall splits open at maturity to release the seed.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Dehiscent.
Opening spontaneously at maturity.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
capsule
Capsule.
A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from two or more-many seeded fused carpels. Capsular fruits are classified by the nature of dehiscence and the number of carpels in each fruit.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010.
Capsule.
A dry dehiscent fruit composed of more than one carpel.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Boot
Boot.
The uppermost
leaf
sheath
that serves as a protective covering for the grass
inflorescence
before it is
exserted
.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
leaf, leaves
Leaf.
Lateral organ of the stem.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
sheath, sheaths
Sheath.
The lower part of the leaf that encloses the stem, as in grasses.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
inflorescence
Inflorescence.
A flower cluster.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Inflorescence.
The portion of the plant adapted for flowering and fruiting.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
exserted
Exserted.
Protruding past surrounding organs.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Bract
Bract.
A reduced
leaf
or
scale
-like structure subtending a flower or a grass
spikelet
in its
axil
.
2020 International Rules for Seed Testing, (ISTA)
Bract.
In
angiosperms
: A small or
rudimentary
leaf or leaf-like structure near the base of a flower or
inflorescence
.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Bract.
A modified leaf associated with a flower or inflorescence.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
leaf, leaves
Leaf.
Lateral organ of the stem.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
scale
Scale.
Reduced leaves at the base of a shoot.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
spikelet, spikelets
Spikelet.
The unit of a grass inflorescence comprising one or more florets subtended by one or two sterile glumes. For the purposes of the Rules, the term spikelet includes, as well as a fertile floret, either one or more additional fertile or completely infertile florets, or glumes.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Spikelet.
Part of a grass inflorescence including one or more florets subtended by one or two glumes.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Spikelet.
In grasses: One or more attached florets usually subtended by one or more bracts (glumes).
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Spikelet.
The unit of a grass inflorescence that consists of a pair of empty glumes that enclose one of more florets arranged around a rachilla.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
axil
Axil.
The angle between the leaf or branch and the axis from which it arises.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
angiosperm, angiosperms
Angiosperm.
A plant whose seeds are borne within a mature ovary (fruit).
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
rudimentary
Rudimentary.
Imperfectly developed.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
inflorescence
Inflorescence.
A flower cluster.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Inflorescence.
The portion of the plant adapted for flowering and fruiting.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Bracteole
Bracteole.
A small
bract
subtending a flower or
fruit
.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
bract
Bract.
A reduced leaf or scale-like structure subtending a flower or a grass spikelet in its axil.
2020 International Rules for Seed Testing, (ISTA)
Bract.
In angiosperms: A small or rudimentary leaf or leaf-like structure near the base of a flower or inflorescence.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Bract.
A modified leaf associated with a flower or inflorescence.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
fruit
Fruit.
The structure that develops from the pericarp as the enclosed seed or seeds mature. Fruits may have the following attributes: Succulent or dry, depending on whether or not the middle layer of the pericarp (mesocarp) develops into a fleshy covering; Dehiscent or indehiscent, according to whether or not the fruit wall splits open to release the seed; True or simple fruits, which develop from the gynoecium of a single flower, and multiple fruits, which develop from a complete inflorescence; Monocarpellary or polycarpellary, depending on whether they developed from a single ovary or from a number of fused ovaries.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Fruit.
In angiosperms, a mature ripened ovary, usually containing seeds. Some authors include extracarpellary parts adhering to the ovary at maturity.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
Fruit.
The ripened ovary of a seed plant and associated parts.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Branch, branches
Branch.
A
lateral
stem.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
lateral
Lateral.
Attached to the side of an organ. Cut lengthwise.
TWS
Bristle, bristles
Bristle.
A stiff
hair
; sometimes applied to the upper part of an
awn
, when the latter is bent.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Bristle.
A stiff hair, the upped part of an bent awn.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010.
Bristle.
A short stiff hair.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
hair, hairs
Hair.
A uni- or multicellular outgrowth of the epidermis.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Hair.
An elongated uni- or multicellular outgrowth of the epidermis (e.g. in
Anemone
).
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
awn, awns
Awn, arista.
Slender, straight or bent bristle. In grasses: usually a continuation of the mid-nerve of lemmas or glumes.
2020 International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Awn.
The slender bristle extending from the tip or back of the lemma or the glume of a grass spikelet.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil anad Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-11
Bud, buds
Bud.
An unexpanded flower or a
rudimentary
leaf
, stem, or
branch
.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
rudimentary
Rudimentary.
Imperfectly developed.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
leaf, leaves
Leaf.
Lateral organ of the stem.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
branch, branches
Branch.
A lateral stem.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Bulb, bulbs
Bulb.
A short,
shoot
with modified, thickened
leaves
, developed as food-storage organs.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010.
Bulb.
A short,
globose
, underground stem bearing many fleshy food-storing
scale leaves
.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
shoot, shoots
Shoot.
A stem with its attached members.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
leaf, leaves
Leaf.
Lateral organ of the stem.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
globose
Globose.
Shape is spherical or nearly so.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
scale leaf, scale leaves
Scale leaf.
A reduced leaf, usually appressed to the stem (e.g. in
Asparagus
,
Pisum
).
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
Bulbil, bulbils
Bulbil.
A small
bulb
, usually
axillary
or appearing instead of flowers as in
Poa bulbosa
, also a
bulblet
.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
bulb, bulbs
Bulb.
A short, shoot with modified, thickened leaves, developed as food-storage organs.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010.
Bulb.
A short, globose, underground stem bearing many fleshy food-storing scale leaves.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
axillary
Axillary.
Borne in the axil.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
bulblet, bulblets
Bulblet.
A small bulb; an aerial bulblike structure, usually borne in the axil of a leaf or bract.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Bulblet, bulblets
Bulblet.
A small
bulb
; an aerial bulblike structure, usually borne in the
axil
of a
leaf
or
bract
.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
bulb, bulbs
Bulb.
A short, shoot with modified, thickened leaves, developed as food-storage organs.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010.
Bulb.
A short, globose, underground stem bearing many fleshy food-storing scale leaves.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
axil
Axil.
The angle between the leaf or branch and the axis from which it arises.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
leaf, leaves
Leaf.
Lateral organ of the stem.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
bract
Bract.
A reduced leaf or scale-like structure subtending a flower or a grass spikelet in its axil.
2020 International Rules for Seed Testing, (ISTA)
Bract.
In angiosperms: A small or rudimentary leaf or leaf-like structure near the base of a flower or inflorescence.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Bract.
A modified leaf associated with a flower or inflorescence.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Bulk examination working sample
Bulk examination working sample.
The sub-sample taken from the submitted sample on which a bulk examination is performed. Refer to sections 2.3 b and 5.3.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Burr
Burr.
A
fruit
enclosed in a rough or prickly
pericarp
,
persistent
calyx
, or
involucre
with hooks or prickles.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010.
fruit
Fruit.
The structure that develops from the pericarp as the enclosed seed or seeds mature. Fruits may have the following attributes: Succulent or dry, depending on whether or not the middle layer of the pericarp (mesocarp) develops into a fleshy covering; Dehiscent or indehiscent, according to whether or not the fruit wall splits open to release the seed; True or simple fruits, which develop from the gynoecium of a single flower, and multiple fruits, which develop from a complete inflorescence; Monocarpellary or polycarpellary, depending on whether they developed from a single ovary or from a number of fused ovaries.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Fruit.
In angiosperms, a mature ripened ovary, usually containing seeds. Some authors include extracarpellary parts adhering to the ovary at maturity.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
Fruit.
The ripened ovary of a seed plant and associated parts.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
pericarp, pericarps
Pericarp
[
fruit coat
]. The wall of the mature ovary or fruit.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Pericarp.
The ovary wall. the fruit coat enclosing the seed.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Pericarp.
Fruit wall.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Pericarp.
The wall of a ripened ovary; the fruit coat.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
persistent
Persistent.
Remaining attached after other parts have been shed.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
calyx
Calyx,
calyces (plural)
. The outer floral envelope composed of the sepals.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Calyx,
calyces (plural)
. The outer floral envelope of dicotyledons, composed of the sepals.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010.
Calyx.
The outer cycle of the perianth; the sepals considered collectively.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
involucre
Involucre.
Ring of bracts or bristles surrounding the base of an inflorescence.
2020 International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Involucre.
Ring of bracts or bristles surrounding the base of an inflorescence such as a capitulum (
Asteraceae
) or umbel (
Apiaceae
).
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Involucre.
A whorl of bracts, which may or may not be fused, subtending a flower or group of flowers.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Involucre.
A circle of bracts or bristles surrounding a flower or a cluster of flowers.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
C
Callus
Callus.
The
indurate
downward extension of the
lemma
in some grasses.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
indurate
Indurate.
Hardened.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
lemma, lemmas
Lemma.
The outer (lower) bract of a grass floret, sometimes referred to as the flowering glume or the lower or outer palea. Bract enclosing the caryopsis on the outer (dorsal) side.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Lemma.
The outer (lower) bract of a grass floret; enclosing the caryopsis on the outer (dorcal) side.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Lemma.
The lower of two bracts that subtend a grass flower.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Lemma.
The lower of the two bracts enclosing the flower in the spikelet of grasses.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Calyx, calyces
Calyx,
calyces (plural)
. The outer floral envelope composed of the sepals.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Calyx,
calyces (plural)
. The outer floral envelope of dicotyledons, composed of the sepals.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010.
Calyx.
The outer cycle of the
perianth
; the sepals considered collectively.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
perianth
Perianth.
A collective term for the calyx and corolla of a flower.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Perianth.
The two floral envelopes (calyx and corolla) or any one of them.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Perianth.
The floral envelope, including the calyx and/or corolla, that can remain unwithered and often enlarged around the fruit (e.g. in
Kochia
).
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Perianth.
The floral envelope including the calyx and corolla.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Capillary
Capillary.
Very slender or
hair
-like structure.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
hair, hairs
Hair.
A uni- or multicellular outgrowth of the epidermis.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Hair.
An elongated uni- or multicellular outgrowth of the epidermis (e.g. in
Anemone
).
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Capillary bristles
Capillary bristles.
A type of
pappus
with very slender
bristles
.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
pappus
Pappus.
A ring of fine, sometimes feathery hairs or scales, crowning an achene.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Pappus.
A ring of fine, sometimes feathery hairs or scales, crowning an achene in
Asteraceae
.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Pappus.
The teeth, awns, etc., surmounting the achene of the
Asteraceae
family.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
bristle, bristles
Bristle.
A stiff hair; sometimes applied to the upper part of an awn, when the latter is bent.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Bristle.
A stiff hair, the upped part of an bent awn.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010.
Bristle.
A short stiff hair.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Capitate
Capitate.
Arranged in a
head
or
dense
cluster
.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
head, heads
Head.
A type of inflorescence with sessile or nearly sessile flowers on a very short axis or receptacle, as in a sunflower.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
dense
Dense.
Parts massed or crowded together.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
cluster
Cluster.
A densely crowded inflorescence or, in
Beta
, part of an inflorescence.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Capitulum, capitula
Capitulum, capitula (plural).
A
dense
inflorescence
of usually
sessile
flowers.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Capitulum
,
capitula (plural)
. A compact inforescence with a disc of sessile flowers, e.g.
Asteraceae
(
flower head
).
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010.
Capitulum, capitula (plural).
A small
head
inflorescence.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
dense
Dense.
Parts massed or crowded together.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
inflorescence
Inflorescence.
A flower cluster.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Inflorescence.
The portion of the plant adapted for flowering and fruiting.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
sessile
Sessile.
Without a stalk or pedicel.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Sessile.
Attached directly by the base and not raised on a stalk.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
flower head
Flower head.
A dense cluster of sessile flowers on a very short axis (capitulum).
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
head, heads
Head.
A type of inflorescence with sessile or nearly sessile flowers on a very short axis or receptacle, as in a sunflower.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Capsule
Capsule.
A dry,
dehiscent fruit
derived from two or more-many seeded fused
carpels
. Capsular fruits are classified by the nature of
dehiscence
and the number of carpels in each
fruit
.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010.
Capsule.
A dry
dehiscent
fruit composed of more than one
carpel
.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
dehiscent fruit
Dehiscent fruit.
A dry fruit, that experiences desiccation. Seeds within dehiscent fruits will lose moisture content during the later stages of seed development.
Bowden, L., Moisture Testing in Wild Species. TWS Website. 2020
Dehiscent fruit.
A fruit that opens at maturity allowing seeds to be released from the fruit.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
Dehiscent.
A fruit in which the fruit wall splits open at maturity to release the seed.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Dehiscent.
Opening spontaneously at maturity.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
carpel, carpels
Carpel.
The female reproductive organ of flowering plants. It consists of an ovary, containing one or more ovules (which became seeds after fertilization), and a stigma, a surface receptive for pollen grains.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Carpel.
A simple pistil or an element of a compound pistil.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
dehiscence
Dehiscence.
Opening at maturity by means of pores, valves, slits, etc., as in the case of a capsule or an anther.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
fruit
Fruit.
The structure that develops from the pericarp as the enclosed seed or seeds mature. Fruits may have the following attributes: Succulent or dry, depending on whether or not the middle layer of the pericarp (mesocarp) develops into a fleshy covering; Dehiscent or indehiscent, according to whether or not the fruit wall splits open to release the seed; True or simple fruits, which develop from the gynoecium of a single flower, and multiple fruits, which develop from a complete inflorescence; Monocarpellary or polycarpellary, depending on whether they developed from a single ovary or from a number of fused ovaries.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Fruit.
In angiosperms, a mature ripened ovary, usually containing seeds. Some authors include extracarpellary parts adhering to the ovary at maturity.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
Fruit.
The ripened ovary of a seed plant and associated parts.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
dehiscent fruit, dehiscent
Dehiscent fruit.
A dry fruit, that experiences desiccation. Seeds within dehiscent fruits will lose moisture content during the later stages of seed development.
Bowden, L., Moisture Testing in Wild Species. TWS Website. 2020
Dehiscent fruit.
A fruit that opens at maturity allowing seeds to be released from the fruit.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
Dehiscent.
A fruit in which the fruit wall splits open at maturity to release the seed.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Dehiscent.
Opening spontaneously at maturity.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
carpel, carpels
Carpel.
The female reproductive organ of flowering plants. It consists of an ovary, containing one or more ovules (which became seeds after fertilization), and a stigma, a surface receptive for pollen grains.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Carpel.
A simple pistil or an element of a compound pistil.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Cardinate
Cardinate.
Having a keel.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Carpel, carpels
Carpel.
The female reproductive organ of flowering plants. It consists of an
ovary
, containing one or more ovules (which became
seeds
after
fertilization
), and a
stigma
, a surface receptive for
pollen
grains.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Carpel.
A simple
pistil
or an element of a compound pistil.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
ovary
Ovary.
The basal, expanded part of the pistil that contains the ovules.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Ovary.
The basal enlarged portion of a pistil within which seeds develop.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
seed, seeds
Seed.
The part of a plant which is able to develop into a new plant.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Seed.
Botanically, a seed is a mature fertilized ovule containing an embryonic plant; usually it has nutrient storage tissue and is surrounded by a protective coat, the testa. This structure is a "true seed"; however, the ovules of many species have additional structures of the mother plant attached or fused to the seed coat. For example, the "seed" of Triticum aestivum (wheat) is botanically a fruit because the pericarp (ovary wall) is fused with the seed coat. In these rules the term "seed" will be used in the agronomic sense (i.e. the true seed plus any accessory structures that may be attached when it is planted in the field; see section 3.2 of the AOSA Rules for Testing Seeds Vol. 1).
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 4, 2019
Seed.
The ripened ovule, enclosing the rudimentary plant and food necessary for its germination.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
fertilization
Fertilization.
A sexual process in which two dissimilar gametes fuse.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
stigma
Stigma.
The pollen-trapping part of a pistil.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Stigma.
The part of the pistil receptive to pollen grains.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
pollen
Pollen.
The male germ cells produced in the anthers.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
pistil
Pistil.
A part (or whole) of the gynoecium, consisting of either a separate, free carpel or two or more fused carpels. A typical pistil comprises an ovary, a style and a stigma.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Pistil.
The ovule-bearing portion of a flower consisting of a stigma, style and ovary.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Carpophore, carpophores
Carpophore.
A slender extension of the
receptacle
between the two
carpels
of the fruits in some
species
of the Apiaceae or carrot family.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
receptacle
Receptacle.
Apex of a pedicel or peduncle from which the organs of a flower arise.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
carpel, carpels
Carpel.
The female reproductive organ of flowering plants. It consists of an ovary, containing one or more ovules (which became seeds after fertilization), and a stigma, a surface receptive for pollen grains.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Carpel.
A simple pistil or an element of a compound pistil.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
species
Species.
A category of classification lower than a genus that is made up of plants which possess in common distinctive characteristics that are reproduced in their offspring. The species name included second to the genus in the scientific binomial.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Cartilaginous
Cartilaginous.
Hard and tough but elastic.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Caruncle, caruncles
Caruncle.
A small outgrowth of the
micropyle
(e.g.
Ricinus
) (
aril
,
strophiole
).
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010.
Caruncle.
A hardened aril.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
micropyle
Micropyle.
The opening in the integuments of the ovule that permit the entry of the pollen tube to allow fertilization.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Micropyle.
Minute opening in the integuments of an ovule through which the pollen tube penetrates to the embryo sac.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
aril, arillus
Aril, arillus, arilli (plural).
a fleshy, often coloured covering or appendage of some seeds; an outgrowth of the funicle or base of the ovule (caruncle, strophiole).
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010.
Aril
. A fleshy outgrowth of the ovule or funiculus.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
strophiole
Strophiole.
Small aril, wartlike outgrowth (see also aril, caruncle).
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Strophiole.
A small aril, a wart-like outgrowth (e.g.
Chelidonium
,
Viola
) (aril, caruncle).
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Caryopsis, caryopses, caryopsides
Caryopsis.
In grasses: A dry, one-seeded,
indehiscent
fruit
with the
pericarp
fused to the
seed
coat (
testa
).
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Caryopsis.
Naked grass-fruit in which the testa is united with the pericarp.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Caryopsis.
A naked grass fruit in which the testa is fused with the pericarp; also a
grain
.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010.
Caryopsis.
The fruit of a grass, which is dry, one-seeded, indehiscent, with the testa and the pericarp completely united.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
indehiscent
Indehiscent.
Not opening; fruits which do not open at maturity.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Indehiscent.
Fruits in which the fruit wall does not split open at maturity to release the seed (see dehiscent).
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Indehiscent fruit.
A fruit that does not open at maturity.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Indehiscent.
Fruits remaining closed at maturity.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
fruit
Fruit.
The structure that develops from the pericarp as the enclosed seed or seeds mature. Fruits may have the following attributes: Succulent or dry, depending on whether or not the middle layer of the pericarp (mesocarp) develops into a fleshy covering; Dehiscent or indehiscent, according to whether or not the fruit wall splits open to release the seed; True or simple fruits, which develop from the gynoecium of a single flower, and multiple fruits, which develop from a complete inflorescence; Monocarpellary or polycarpellary, depending on whether they developed from a single ovary or from a number of fused ovaries.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Fruit.
In angiosperms, a mature ripened ovary, usually containing seeds. Some authors include extracarpellary parts adhering to the ovary at maturity.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
Fruit.
The ripened ovary of a seed plant and associated parts.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
pericarp, pericarps
Pericarp
[
fruit coat
]. The wall of the mature ovary or fruit.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Pericarp.
The ovary wall. the fruit coat enclosing the seed.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Pericarp.
Fruit wall.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Pericarp.
The wall of a ripened ovary; the fruit coat.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
seed, seeds
Seed.
The part of a plant which is able to develop into a new plant.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Seed.
Botanically, a seed is a mature fertilized ovule containing an embryonic plant; usually it has nutrient storage tissue and is surrounded by a protective coat, the testa. This structure is a "true seed"; however, the ovules of many species have additional structures of the mother plant attached or fused to the seed coat. For example, the "seed" of Triticum aestivum (wheat) is botanically a fruit because the pericarp (ovary wall) is fused with the seed coat. In these rules the term "seed" will be used in the agronomic sense (i.e. the true seed plus any accessory structures that may be attached when it is planted in the field; see section 3.2 of the AOSA Rules for Testing Seeds Vol. 1).
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 4, 2019
Seed.
The ripened ovule, enclosing the rudimentary plant and food necessary for its germination.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
testa
Testa.
Seed coat.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Testa.
The matured integuments forming the seed coat.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111.
grain
Grain.
The seed-like fruit of any cereal.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Centrifugal divider, Gamet divider
Centrifugal divider.
Gamet type, the divider makes use of centrifugal force to mix and scatter
seeds
over the dividing surface. The
seed
flows downward through a hopper onto a shallow rubber cup or spinner. Upon rotation of the spinner by an electric motor the seeds are thrown out by centrifugal force and fall downward. The circle or area where the seeds fall is equally divided into two parts by a stationary baffle so that approximately half the seeds fall in one spout and half in the other spout.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
seed, seeds
Seed.
The part of a plant which is able to develop into a new plant.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Seed.
Botanically, a seed is a mature fertilized ovule containing an embryonic plant; usually it has nutrient storage tissue and is surrounded by a protective coat, the testa. This structure is a "true seed"; however, the ovules of many species have additional structures of the mother plant attached or fused to the seed coat. For example, the "seed" of Triticum aestivum (wheat) is botanically a fruit because the pericarp (ovary wall) is fused with the seed coat. In these rules the term "seed" will be used in the agronomic sense (i.e. the true seed plus any accessory structures that may be attached when it is planted in the field; see section 3.2 of the AOSA Rules for Testing Seeds Vol. 1).
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 4, 2019
Seed.
The ripened ovule, enclosing the rudimentary plant and food necessary for its germination.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
seed, seeds
Seed.
The part of a plant which is able to develop into a new plant.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Seed.
Botanically, a seed is a mature fertilized ovule containing an embryonic plant; usually it has nutrient storage tissue and is surrounded by a protective coat, the testa. This structure is a "true seed"; however, the ovules of many species have additional structures of the mother plant attached or fused to the seed coat. For example, the "seed" of Triticum aestivum (wheat) is botanically a fruit because the pericarp (ovary wall) is fused with the seed coat. In these rules the term "seed" will be used in the agronomic sense (i.e. the true seed plus any accessory structures that may be attached when it is planted in the field; see section 3.2 of the AOSA Rules for Testing Seeds Vol. 1).
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 4, 2019
Seed.
The ripened ovule, enclosing the rudimentary plant and food necessary for its germination.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Chaffy seed
Chaffy seed.
Seed
units that adhere to other seed units or other surfaces because of their structure or texture, making it difficult to sample a
seed lot
or mixture and divide a representative working sample. This definition is not applicable to coated, pelleted, encrusted, or hulled
seeds
that are normally classified as chaffy whether as a single
kind
under consideration or as components of seed mixtures.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Chaffy seed.
Seed lots containing seeds with attached sturctures which can prevent uniform planting on a seed by seed basis, and/or other free flowing chaff/other pieces of plant material and contaminating
species
(chaff/other pieces of plant material and contaminants typically over 1% of the seed lot).
TWS
seed, seeds
Seed.
The part of a plant which is able to develop into a new plant.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Seed.
Botanically, a seed is a mature fertilized ovule containing an embryonic plant; usually it has nutrient storage tissue and is surrounded by a protective coat, the testa. This structure is a "true seed"; however, the ovules of many species have additional structures of the mother plant attached or fused to the seed coat. For example, the "seed" of Triticum aestivum (wheat) is botanically a fruit because the pericarp (ovary wall) is fused with the seed coat. In these rules the term "seed" will be used in the agronomic sense (i.e. the true seed plus any accessory structures that may be attached when it is planted in the field; see section 3.2 of the AOSA Rules for Testing Seeds Vol. 1).
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 4, 2019
Seed.
The ripened ovule, enclosing the rudimentary plant and food necessary for its germination.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
seed lot
Seed lot.
A seed lot is a specified quantity of seed that is physically and uniquely identified.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing, (ISTA)
Lot of seed.
The term "lot of seed" means a definite quantity of seed identified by a number, every portion or bag which is uniform, within permitted tolerances, for the factors which appear in the labeling.
Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA. Federal Seed Act, Part 201. Federal Seed Act Regulations. 201.2 Terms Defined. Current as of May 21, 2020.
seed, seeds
Seed.
The part of a plant which is able to develop into a new plant.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Seed.
Botanically, a seed is a mature fertilized ovule containing an embryonic plant; usually it has nutrient storage tissue and is surrounded by a protective coat, the testa. This structure is a "true seed"; however, the ovules of many species have additional structures of the mother plant attached or fused to the seed coat. For example, the "seed" of Triticum aestivum (wheat) is botanically a fruit because the pericarp (ovary wall) is fused with the seed coat. In these rules the term "seed" will be used in the agronomic sense (i.e. the true seed plus any accessory structures that may be attached when it is planted in the field; see section 3.2 of the AOSA Rules for Testing Seeds Vol. 1).
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 4, 2019
Seed.
The ripened ovule, enclosing the rudimentary plant and food necessary for its germination.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
kind , kind of seed
Kind (of seed).
One or more related species or subspecies that singly or collectively is usually known by one common name.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
species
Species.
A category of classification lower than a genus that is made up of plants which possess in common distinctive characteristics that are reproduced in their offspring. The species name included second to the genus in the scientific binomial.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Chalaza
Chalaza.
The region of the
ovule
opposite
the
micropyle
where the nucellous and
integuments
fuse with the
funiculus
.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
ovule
Ovule.
The immature seed within the ovary.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Ovule.
A structure, consisting of a female gametophyte, nucellus, and integuments, which develops into a seed after fertilization.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
opposite
Opposite.
Bearing two leaves or buds at a node on opposite sides of a stem.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
micropyle
Micropyle.
The opening in the integuments of the ovule that permit the entry of the pollen tube to allow fertilization.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Micropyle.
Minute opening in the integuments of an ovule through which the pollen tube penetrates to the embryo sac.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
integument, integuments
Integument.
The envelope of an ovule which becomes the seed coat or testa (generally two integuments present). In coniferous seeds integument also refers to the tissue attaching the wing to the seed.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Integument.
The envelope of an ovule, which becomes the testa.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Integuments.
Outermost coverings of an ovule.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
funiculus
Funiculus.
The stalk of an ovule.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
Funicle, funiculus.
The cord or thread which connects the ovule and later the seed to the placenta.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Chalazosperm
Chalazosperm.
A nutritive tissue within
seeds
derived from the
chalaza
.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
seed, seeds
Seed.
The part of a plant which is able to develop into a new plant.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Seed.
Botanically, a seed is a mature fertilized ovule containing an embryonic plant; usually it has nutrient storage tissue and is surrounded by a protective coat, the testa. This structure is a "true seed"; however, the ovules of many species have additional structures of the mother plant attached or fused to the seed coat. For example, the "seed" of Triticum aestivum (wheat) is botanically a fruit because the pericarp (ovary wall) is fused with the seed coat. In these rules the term "seed" will be used in the agronomic sense (i.e. the true seed plus any accessory structures that may be attached when it is planted in the field; see section 3.2 of the AOSA Rules for Testing Seeds Vol. 1).
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 4, 2019
Seed.
The ripened ovule, enclosing the rudimentary plant and food necessary for its germination.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
chalaza
Chalaza.
The region of the ovule opposite the micropyle where the nucellous and integuments fuse with the funiculus.
SCST Seed Technologist Training Manual, 2018
Chalcid, chalcids
Chalcid.
Any of various tiny wasps of the superfamily
Chalidoidea
, some of whose larvae feed inside
seed
. Examples include,
Bruchophagus
found in
seeds
of various
Fabaceae
and Systole in seeds of various
Apiaceae
.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 1, 2019
seed, seeds
Seed.
The part of a plant which is able to develop into a new plant.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Seed.
Botanically, a seed is a mature fertilized ovule containing an embryonic plant; usually it has nutrient storage tissue and is surrounded by a protective coat, the testa. This structure is a "true seed"; however, the ovules of many species have additional structures of the mother plant attached or fused to the seed coat. For example, the "seed" of Triticum aestivum (wheat) is botanically a fruit because the pericarp (ovary wall) is fused with the seed coat. In these rules the term "seed" will be used in the agronomic sense (i.e. the true seed plus any accessory structures that may be attached when it is planted in the field; see section 3.2 of the AOSA Rules for Testing Seeds Vol. 1).
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 4, 2019
Seed.
The ripened ovule, enclosing the rudimentary plant and food necessary for its germination.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
seed, seeds
Seed.
The part of a plant which is able to develop into a new plant.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Seed.
Botanically, a seed is a mature fertilized ovule containing an embryonic plant; usually it has nutrient storage tissue and is surrounded by a protective coat, the testa. This structure is a "true seed"; however, the ovules of many species have additional structures of the mother plant attached or fused to the seed coat. For example, the "seed" of Triticum aestivum (wheat) is botanically a fruit because the pericarp (ovary wall) is fused with the seed coat. In these rules the term "seed" will be used in the agronomic sense (i.e. the true seed plus any accessory structures that may be attached when it is planted in the field; see section 3.2 of the AOSA Rules for Testing Seeds Vol. 1).
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 4, 2019
Seed.
The ripened ovule, enclosing the rudimentary plant and food necessary for its germination.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Chartaceous
Cartaceous.
Having the texture of writing paper.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Ciliate
Ciliate.
Fringed with
hairs
on the margin.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
hair, hairs
Hair.
A uni- or multicellular outgrowth of the epidermis.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Hair.
An elongated uni- or multicellular outgrowth of the epidermis (e.g. in
Anemone
).
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Clavate
Clavate.
Club-shaped.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Cleistogamous
Cleistogamous.
Applied to flowers which are fertilized without opening.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Clone
Clone.
A group of organisms composed of individuals propagated vegetatively from a single original individual.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Cluster
Cluster.
A densely crowded
inflorescence
or, in
Beta
, part of an inflorescence.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
inflorescence
Inflorescence.
A flower cluster.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Inflorescence.
The portion of the plant adapted for flowering and fruiting.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Coleoptile, coleoptiles
Coleoptile.
The
coleoptile
is only present in
species
of the
Poaceae
. It is a
leaf
-like,
cylindrical
sheath
enclosing the
terminal bud
of the
embryo
and the developing
leaves
of the young
seedling
. The coleoptile provides protection for the leaves as they push up through the soil. After emergence from the soil, growth of the leaves ordinarily causes the coleoptile to split downward from the tip. The coleoptile does not persist beyond the seedling stage.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 4, 2019
Coleoptile.
The sheath covering the first leaf of a grass seedling.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
coleoptile, coleoptiles
Coleoptile.
The coleoptile is only present in species of the
Poaceae
. It is a leaf-like, cylindrical sheath enclosing the terminal bud of the embryo and the developing leaves of the young seedling. The coleoptile provides protection for the leaves as they push up through the soil. After emergence from the soil, growth of the leaves ordinarily causes the coleoptile to split downward from the tip. The coleoptile does not persist beyond the seedling stage.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 4, 2019
Coleoptile.
The sheath covering the first leaf of a grass seedling.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
species
Species.
A category of classification lower than a genus that is made up of plants which possess in common distinctive characteristics that are reproduced in their offspring. The species name included second to the genus in the scientific binomial.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
leaf, leaves
Leaf.
Lateral organ of the stem.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
cylindrical
Cylindrical.
Having the form of a cylinder.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
sheath, sheaths
Sheath.
The lower part of the leaf that encloses the stem, as in grasses.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
terminal bud
Terminal bud.
The shoot apex enveloped by several more or less differentiated leaves.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Terminal bud.
The terminal bud occupies the tip of the epicotyl and consists of the apical meristem surrounded and protected by the developing leaves.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 4, 2019
embryo, embryos
Embryo.
The young plant enclosed in a seed.
2020
International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA)
Embryo.
Rudimentary plant enclosed in a seed, usually consisting of a more or less differentiated axis and attached cotyledon(s).
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
The embryo.
The product of one of the fusions of the angiosperm fertilization process is the embryo (the other being the endosperm). In gymnosperms the embryo is the only product of the fertilization process. Depending on the species, the embryo develops to varying degrees within the seed, becoming a 'miniature plant' by the end of the growing season. In
Phaseolus vulgaris
, for example, the embryo is fully developed and the radicle, hypocotyl and epicotyl with primary leaves can easily be observed. The development of the embryo in other species may be much less, with some essential structures being observed only after considerable growth of the seedling.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 4, 2019
Embryo.
A young plant before the beginning if its rapid growth.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
leaf, leaves
Leaf.
Lateral organ of the stem.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
seedling, seedlings
Seedling.
A young plant developing from the embryo of a seed.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 4, 2019
Coleorhiza
Coleorhiza.
A
sheath
covering the tip of the first
root
from a
seed
.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
sheath, sheaths
Sheath.
The lower part of the leaf that encloses the stem, as in grasses.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
root, roots
Root.
In dicotyledons and gymnosperms, the root system serves three major functions: (1) to anchor the plant in the soil, (2) to absorb water and dissolved salts from the soil and (3) to conduct the water and salts to the hypocotyl, cotyledons and epicotyl. The embryonic root, or radicle, is located at the basal end of the embryo and is usually the first seedling structure to rupture the testa. After emergence it is referred to as the primary root. The primary root elongates rapidly and soon numerous root hairs develop, greatly increasing the absorbing surface of the roots. As the seedling continues to grow, secondary roots develop from the primary root and from other secondary roots. Roots may also emerge from other structures (e.g. the hypocotyl) and are referred to as adventitious roots.
As in the dicotyledons, the monocotyledon root system serves to anchor the plant in soil, absorb water and dissolved salts from the soil and to conduct the water and salts to the growing seedling. The embryonic root, or radicle, is situated at the basal end of the embryo and, in the case of the
Poaceae
, its apex is covered by the coleorhiza. After the radicle emerges it is referred to as the primary root. In some species of the
Poaceae
(e.g.
Triticum
) the primary root is indistinguishable from the other roots that develop from the scutellar node region and hence all of these are referred to as seminal roots. Roots that develop from structures above the scutellar or cotyledonary node are called adventitious roots. Secondary roots may develop from seminal and adventitious roots.
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 4, 2019
Root.
A portion of a higher plant bearing neither leaves nor reproductive organs, usually underground.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
seed, seeds
Seed.
The part of a plant which is able to develop into a new plant.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010
Seed.
Botanically, a seed is a mature fertilized ovule containing an embryonic plant; usually it has nutrient storage tissue and is surrounded by a protective coat, the testa. This structure is a "true seed"; however, the ovules of many species have additional structures of the mother plant attached or fused to the seed coat. For example, the "seed" of Triticum aestivum (wheat) is botanically a fruit because the pericarp (ovary wall) is fused with the seed coat. In these rules the term "seed" will be used in the agronomic sense (i.e. the true seed plus any accessory structures that may be attached when it is planted in the field; see section 3.2 of the AOSA Rules for Testing Seeds Vol. 1).
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Seed Testing, Volume 4, 2019
Seed.
The ripened ovule, enclosing the rudimentary plant and food necessary for its germination.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Collar
Collar.
The area on the outer side of a grass
leaf
at the junction of
sheath
and
blade
.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
leaf, leaves
Leaf.
Lateral organ of the stem.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
sheath, sheaths
Sheath.
The lower part of the leaf that encloses the stem, as in grasses.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
blade
Blade.
The expanded portion of a leaf, usually above the sheath of petiole.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Columella
Columella.
The
axis
of a
capsule
.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
axis
Axis.
The central line of any organ or the support of a group of organs; the main stem of an inflorescence, especially of a panicle.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
capsule
Capsule.
A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from two or more-many seeded fused carpels. Capsular fruits are classified by the nature of dehiscence and the number of carpels in each fruit.
ISTA Handbook on Pure Seed Definitions, Glossary. 3rd Edition 2010.
Capsule.
A dry dehiscent fruit composed of more than one carpel.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
Compound leaf, compound leaves
Compound leaf.
A
leaf
with its
blade
subdivided into several parts.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
leaf, leaves
Leaf.
Lateral organ of the stem.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
blade
Blade.
The expanded portion of a leaf, usually above the sheath of petiole.
Fenwick, J.R. revised 1995. Laboratory Manual for General Crops- Glossary. Unpublished class notes. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University. Pages 104-111
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